Physics of Ice

Included Index

1. Introduction ; 1.1 The importance of ice ; 1.2 The physics of ice and structure of the book ; 1.3 The water molecule ; 1.4 The hydrogen bond ; 2. Ice Ih ; 2.1 Introduction ; 2.2 Crystal structure ; 2.3 Zero-point entropy ; 2.4 Lattice energy and hydrogen bonding ; 2.5 The actual structure ; 2.6 Summary ; 3. Elastic, thermal, and lattice dynamical properties ; 3.1 Introduction ; 3.2 Elasticity ; 3.3 Thermal properties ; 3.4 Spectroscopy of lattice vibrations ; 3.5 Modelling ; 4. Electrical properties-theory ; 4.1 Basics ; 4.2 Frequency dependence of the Debye relaxation ; 4.3 The static susceptibility ?s ; 4.4 Protonic point defects ; 4.5 Jaccard theory ; 4.6 Ice with blocking electrodes ; 4.7 Time constraints ; 4.8 Summary ; 5. Electrical properties-experimental ; 5.1 Introduction ; 5.2 Techniques ; 5.3 Pure ice ; 5.4 Doped ice ; 5.5 Charge exchange at ice-metal electrodes ; 5.6 Space-change effects ; 5.7 Injection and extraction of charge carriers ; 5.8 Thermally-stimulated depolarization ; 6. Point defects ; 6.1 Introduction ; 6.2 Thermal equilibrium concentrations ; 6.3 Diffusion and mobility ; 6.4 Molecular defects ; 6.5 Protonic point defects ; 6.6 Nuclear magnetic resonance ; 6.7 Muon spin rotation, relaxation, and resonance ; 6.8 Chemical impurities ; 6.9 Electronic defects ; 6.10 Photoconductivity ; 6.11 Review ; 7. Dislocations and planar defects ; 7.1 Introduction to dislocations ; 7.2 Dislocations in the ice structure ; 7.3 Direct observation of dislocations ; 7.4 Dislocation mobility ; 7.5 Electrical effects ; 7.6 Stacking faults ; 7.7 Grain boundaries ; 8. Mechanical properties ; 8.1 Introduction ; 8.2 Plastic deformation of single crystals ; 8.3 Plastic deformation of polycrystalline ice ; 8.4 Brittle fracture of polycrystalline ice ; 8.5 Summary ; 9. Optical and electronic properties ; 9.1 Introduction ; 9.2 Propagation of electromagnetic waves in ice ; 9.3 Infrared range ; 9.4 Visible optical range-birefringence ; 9.5 Ultraviolet range ; 9.6 Electronic structure ; 10. The surface of ice ; 10.1 Introduction ; 10.2 Surface structure ; 10.3 Optical ellipsometry and microscopy ; 10.4 Electrical properties of the surface ; 10.5 Nuclear magnetic resonance ; 10.6 Scanning force microscopy ; 10.7 Surface energy ; 10.8 Review of experimental evidence ; 10.9 Theoretical models ; 10.10 Conclusions ; 11. The other phases of ice ; 11.1 Introduction ; 11.2 Ice XI-the ordered form of ice Ih ; 11.3 Ices VII and VIII ; 11.4 Ice VI ; 11.5 Ice II ; 11.6 Ices III, IV, V, IX, and XII ; 11.7 Ice X and beyond ; 11.8 Cubic ice (Ice Ic) ; 11.9 Amorphous ices ; 11.10 Clathrate hydrates ; 11.11 Lattice vibrations and the hydrogen bond ; 12. Ice in nature ; 12.1 Lake and river ice ; 12.2 Sea ice ; 12.3 Ice in the atmosphere ; 12.4 Snow ; 12.5 Glacier and polar ice ; 12.6 Frozen ground ; 12.7 Ice in the Solar System ; 13. Adhesion and friction ; 13.1 Experiments on adhesion ; 13.2 Physical mechanisms of adhesion ; 13.3 Friction

Ice is one of the most abundant and important materials on Earth, and its unique physical properties are an active area of research in a number of disciplines. This book focuses on the physics of ice, its material properties, and how these are reflected in its molecular and crystalline structure. Despite its simple crystal structure, ice has a rich array of properties due to its hydrogen bonds, and this book includes an extensive discussion of this research. The book provides a careful development of the physical principles underlying the properties of ice and is aimed at pure and applied researchers in the field. It features descriptions of new work on electrical, mechanical, and surface properties, and on the occurrence of many different crystalline phases.