Biomaterials /

Machine generated contents note: 1. Overview of Biomaterials -- 1.1 Introduction 1 -- 1.2 Historical developments 2 -- 1.3 Construction materials 2 -- 1.4 Impact of biomaterials 6 -- 1.5 Strength of biological tissues 8 -- 1.6 Performance of implants 8 -- 1.7 Tissue response to implants 8 -- 1.8 Interfacial phenomena 9 -- 1.9 Safety and efficacy testing 11 -- 1.10 Summary 11 --2. Structure and Properties of Materials -- 2.1 Atomic and molecular bonds 12 -- 2.2 Crystal structure of solids 12 -- 2.3 Phase changes 15 -- 2.4 Crystal imperfections 15 -- 2.5 Noncrystalline solids 18 -- 2.6 Surface properties 19 -- 2.7 Mechanical properties of materials 21 -- 2.8 Thermal treatments 23 -- 2.9 Surface improvements 23 -- 2.10 Sterilization 23 -- 2.11 Summary 24 --3. Metals -- 3.1 Introduction 25 -- 3.2 Stainless steels 26 -- 3.3 Cobalt-Chromium alloys 28 -- 3.4 Titanium based alloys 30 -- 3.5 Nitinol 32 -- 3.6 Other metals 33 -- 3.7 Metallic corrosion 33 -- 3.8 Biological tolerance of implant metals 36 -- 3.9 Summary 38 -- 4. Ceramics -- 4.1 Introduction 39 -- 4.2 Carbons 39 -- 4.3 Alumina 41 -- 4.4 Yttria stabilized zirconia 43 -- 4.5 Surface reactive ceramics 44 -- 4.6 Resorbable ceramics 46 -- 4.7 Composites 47 -- 4.8 Analysis of ceramic surfaces 48 -- 4.9 Summary 50 --5. Synthetic Polymers -- 5.1 Introduction 51 -- 5.2 Polymers in biomedical use 56 -- 5.3 Polyethylene and polypropylene 59 -- 5.4 Perfluorinated polymers 60 -- 5.5 Acrylic polymers 61 -- 5.6 Hydrogels 63 -- 5.7 Polyurethanes 64 -- 5.8 Polyamides 65 -- 5.9 Biodegradable synthetic polymers 66 -- 5.10 Silicone rubber 68 -- 5.11 Plasma polymerization 70 -- 5.12 Microorganisms in polymeric implants 70 -- 5.13 Polymer sterilization 70 -- 5.14 Summary 71 --6. Biopolymers -- 6.1 Introduction 72 -- 6.2 Collagens 72 -- 6.3 Elastin 80 -- 6.4 Mucopolysaccharides 81 -- 6.5 Proteoglycans 82 -- 6.6 Cellulose and derivatives 87 -- 6.7 Chitin 89 -- 6.8 Other polysaccharides 90 -- 6.9 Summary 91 --7. Tissues Grafts -- 7.1 Introduction 92 -- 7.2 Blood 93 -- 7.3 Tissue grafts and rejection processes 99 -- 7.4 Skin 102 -- 7.5 Skin grafts 106 -- 7.6 Connective tissue grafts 110 -- 7.7 Summary 111 --8. Soft Tissue Applications -- 8.1 Introduction 112 -- 8.2 Bulk space fillers 112 -- 8.3 Maxillofacial implants 114 -- 8.4 Fluid transfer implants 116 -- 8.5 Functional load-carrying and supporting implants 116 -- 8.6 Percutaneous devices 124 -- 8.7 Biomaterials in urological practice 126 -- 8.8 Microencapsulation of live animal cells 127 -- 8.9 Summary 129 --9. Cardiovascular Implants and Extracorporeal Devices -- 9.1 Introduction 130 -- 9.2 Blood clotting 130 -- 9.3 Blood rheology 132 -- 9.4 Blood vessels 133 -- 9.5 The heart 134 -- 9.6 Aorta and valves 135 -- 9.7 Geometry of blood circulation 138 -- 9.8 The lungs 139 -- 9.9 Vascular implants 140 -- 9.10 Cardiac pacemakers 147 -- 9.11 Blood substitutes 150 -- 9.12 Kidney function 150 -- 9.13 Water in human body 151 -- 9.14 Extracorporeal blood circulation devices 152 -- 9.15 Summary 161 --10. Biomaterials in Ophthalmology -- 10.1 Introduction 163 -- 10.2 Anatomy of eye 163 -- 10.3 Viscoelastic solutions 165 -- 10.4 Contact lenses 165 -- 10.5 Optical implants 167 -- 10.6 Drainage tubes in glaucoma 168 -- 10.7 Scleral buckling materials for retinal detachment 168 -- 10.8 Vitreous implants 169 -- 10.9 Acrylate adhesives 169 -- 10.10 Eye shields 169 -- 10.11 Artificial tears 169 -- 10.12 Summary 170 -- 11. Orthopaedic Implants -- 11.1 Introduction 171 -- 11.2 Bone composition and properties 173 -- 11.3 Temporary fixation devices 180 -- 11.4 Fracture healing by electrical and electromagnetic stimulation 182 -- 11.5 Joint replacement 182 -- 11.6 Knee joint repair 186 -- 11.7 Bone regeneration with resorbable material 191 -- 11.8 Summary 193 --12. Dental Materials -- 12.1 Introduction 194 -- 12.2 Teeth composition and mechanical properties 194 -- 12.3 Impression materials 195 -- 12.4 Bases, liners and varnishes for cavities 197 -- 12.5 Fillings and restorative materials 197 -- 12.6 Materials for deep cavities 199 -- 12.7 Metals in dentistry 201 -- 12.8 Oral implants 201 -- 12.9 Use of collagen in dentistry 205 -- 12.10 Summary 205.