Environmental science : a study of interrelationships

Preface
Guided tour
About the authors
Part 1:
Interrelatedness
Deer hunting within the city of brotherly love?
Environmental Interrelationships:
Field of environmental science
Interrelated nature of environmental problems
Environmental Close-Up: Science versus policy
Global Perspective: Fish, seals, and jobs
Ecosystem approach
Regional environmental concerns
Environmental Close-up: Headwaters forest:
Wilderness north
Agricultural middle
Environmental Close-Up: Greater Yellowstone ecosystem:
Dry west
Forested west
Great Lakes and industrial northeast
Diverse south
New For Chapter 1:
Expanded coverage on sustainable development and agenda
Environmental Ethics:
Views of nature
Environmental ethics
Environmental attitudes
Environmental Close-Up: Naturalist philosophers
Societal environmental ethics
Environmental Close-Up: Environmental philosophy
Corporate environmental ethics
Global Perspective: Chico Mendes and extractive reserves
Environmental justice
Individual environmental ethics
Do we consume too much?
Global Perspective: International trade in endangered species:
Food
Nature
Oil
Water
Unknown
Global Perspective: Gray whales of Neah Bay
Global environmental ethics
Issues-Analysis: Antarctic: resource or refuge?
New For Chapter 2: New section: Do we consume too much?
More information on the global reporting initiative
New global perspective reading on the gray whales of Neah Bay
Risk And Cost: Elements Of Decision Making:
Measuring risk:
Risk assessment
Environmental Close-Up: What's in a number?:
Risk management
True and perceived risks
Economics and the environment:
Economic concepts
Market-based instruments
Global Perspective: Wombats and the Australian stock exchange
Environmental Close-Up: Georgia-Pacific Corporation: Recycled urban wood-a case study in extended product responsibility:
Extended product responsibility
Extended product responsibility
Cost-benefit analysis
Concerns about the use of cost-benefit analysis
Economics and sustainable development
Environmental Close-Up: Green advertising claims: points to consider:
External costs
Common property resource problems
Global Perspective: Pollution prevention pays!:
Economic decision making and the biophysical world
Environmental Close-Up: Placing a value on ecosystem services
Global Perspective: Costa Rican forest yield tourists and medicines:
Economics, environment, and developing nations
Tragedy of the commons
Lightening the load
Issues-Analysis: Shrimp, turtles, and turtle excluder devices
New For Chapter 3:
Expanded section on public perceptions of environmental risks
More information on extended product responsibility
Part 2:
Ecological Principles And Their Application
Fixing nature?: Restoration And The Florida Everglades
Interrelated Scientific Principles: Matter, Energy And Environment:
Scientific Thinking:
Scientific method
Observation
Questioning and exploring
Constructing hypotheses
Testing hypothesis
Development of theories and laws
Environmental Close-Up: Typical household chemicals
Limitations of science
Structure of matter:
Atomic structure
Molecular nature of matter
Acids, bases and pH
Inorganic and organic matter
Chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in living things
Energy Principles:
Kinds of energy
States of matter
First and second laws of thermodynamics
Environmental implication of energy flow
Issues-Analysis: Improvements in lighting efficiency
New For Chapter 4:
Rewritten section on the scientific method
Additional material and an illustration on isotopes
New section on the molecular nature of matter
Clarification usage of the words molecule, compound, ions
New material on endothermic and exothermic reactions
New content on chemical reactions for photosynthesis and respiration
Interactions: Environment And Organisms:
Ecological concepts
Environment
Limiting factors
Habitat and niche
Role of natural selection and evolution:
Genes, populations, and species
Environmental Close-Up: Habitat conservation plans: tool or token?:
Natural selection
Evolutionary patterns
Kinds of organism interactions:
Predation
Competition
Symbiotic relationships
Some relationships are difficult to categorize
Environmental Close-Up: Human interaction: a different look
Community and ecosystem interactions:
Major roles of organisms in ecosystems
Keystone species
Energy flow through ecosystems
Food chains and food webs
Environmental Close-Up: Contaminants in the food chain of fish from the Great Lakes:
Nutrient cycles in ecosystems: biogeochemical cycles
Human impact on nutrient cycles
Issues-Analysis: Reintroducing wolves to the Yellowstone ecosystem
New For Chapter 5:
New section: Genes, populations, and species
New herbicide resistance illustration
New section on polyploidy
Biogeochemical cycles now in nutrient cycles section
New material on the operation of the carbon cycle in aquatic systems
Kinds Of Ecosystems And Communities:
Succession:
Primary succession
Secondary succession
Modern concepts of succession and climax
Biomass: major types of terrestrial climax communities:
Effect of elevation on climate and vegetation
Desert
Grassland
Environmental Close-Up: Grassland succession:
Savanna
Mediterranean shrublands
Tropical dry forest
Global Perspective: Tropical rainforests: special case?
Tropical rainforest
Environmental Close-Up: Forest canopy studies:
Temperate deciduous forest
Taiga, Northern coniferous forest, or boreal forest
Tundra
Major aquatic ecosystems:
Marine ecosystems
Freshwater ecosystems
Issue-Analysis: Protecting old-growth temperate rainforests of the Pacific Northwest
New For Chapter 6:
New content on ways that humans affect the process of succession
New sections on Mediterranean shrublands (chaparral) and tropical dry forests
Population Principles:
Population characteristics:
Natality and mortality
Sex ratio and age distribution
Population density and spatial distribution
Summary of factors that influence population growth rates
Population growth curve
Carrying capacity
Environmental Close-Up: Population growth of invading species
Reproductive strategies and population fluctuations
Human population growth:
Available raw materials
Global Perspectives: Managing elephant populations-harvest or birth control?:
Available energy
Waste disposal
Interaction with other organisms
Social factors influence human population
Issue-Analysis: Wolves and moose on Isle Royale:
Ultimate size limitation
New For Chapter 7:
Updated human population information
More explanation on how the population growth rate is calculated
New illustration on survivorship curves
Revised material on age distribution
Updated issues: analysis reading on wolves and moose on Isle Royale. Human Population Issues:
Human population trends and implications
Global Perspective: Thomas Malthus and his essay on population
Factors that influence population growth:
Biological factors
Social factors
Environmental Close-Up: Control of births:
Political factors
Population growth and standard of living
Population and poverty: a vicious cycle?
Hunger, food production, and environmental degradation
Demographic transition concept
Global Perspective: Urbanization of the world's population
US population picture anticipated changes with continued population growth
Global Perspective: North America-population comparisons
Issues-Analysis: Impact of AIDS on populations
New For Chapter 8:
Updated information on human population issues
New table on population characteristics of the 20 most populous countries
Revised section on population growth and standard of living
More information from the 2000 census
Updated material on AIDS
Part 3:
Energy
Skull Valley: A Reservation For Disaster?:
Energy And Civilization: Patterns Of Consumption:
History of energy consumption:
Biological energy sources
Increased use of wood
Fossil fuels and the industrial revolution
Energy and economics:
Economic growth and energy consumption
Role of the automobile
Gasoline prices and government policy
Global Perspective: Five ways to curb traffic
How energy is used:
Residential and commercial energy use
Industrial energy use
Transportation energy use
Environmental Close-Up: Hybrid electric vehicles:
Variability of gasoline prices
Electrical energy
Energy consumption trends
Environmental Close-Up: Alternative-fuel vehicles
Global Perspective: Energy development in China
Global perspective: Potential world petroleum resources
OPEC
New For Chapter 9:
Revised coverage of variations in yearly gasoline prices
New table on sources of US imported oil
Expanded section on the instability of global oil production
New figure: what we pay for in a gallon of regular gasoline
New table on drive time
Updated statistics on oil consumption by the world
New figure: world oil market chronology: 1970-2000
Energy Sources:
Energy sources
Resources and reserves
Fossil-fuel formation:
Coal
Oil and natural gas
Issues related to use of fossil fuels:
Coal use
Oil use
Natural gas use
Renewable sources of energy:
Hydroelectric power
Global Perspective: Hydroelectric sites:
Tidal power
Global perspective: Three Gorges Dam:
Geothermal power
Wind power
Solar energy
Biomass conversion
Fuelwood
Solid waste
Global Perspective: Are fuel cells the future?
Energy conservation
Issues-Analysis: Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and Oil
New For Chapter 10:
New coverage on wind, tidal, and hydropower
Updated information on the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
Updated materials on gasoline price swings
New global perspective reading on hydrogen fuel cells
Nuclear Energy: Benefits And Risks:
Nature of nuclear energy
History of nuclear energy development
Nuclear reactors:
Plans for new reactors worldwide
Plant life extension
Breeder reactors
Nuclear fusion
Nuclear fuel cycle
Nuclear material and weapons production
Nuclear power concerns:
Reactor safety: the effects of Three Mile Island and Chernobyl
Exposure to radiation
Thermal pollution
Decommissioning costs
Radioactive waste disposal
Global perspective: Nuclear legacy of the Soviet Union
Environmental Close-Up: Hanford Facility: a legacy of contamination
New For Chapter 11:
New environmental close-up reading on the Hanford Facility
Updated text on Chernobyl and worldwide nuclear power plants
Expanded section on decommissioning policies for nuclear facilities
More information about nuclear terrorism
Part 4:
Human Influences On Ecosystems
Slaton, A Sea Of Controversy
Human Impact On Resources And Ecosystems:
Changing role of human impact
Historical basis of pollution
Renewable and nonrenewable resources
Costs associated with resource utilization
Mineral resources:
Steps in mineral utilization
Recycling of mineral materials
Utilization and modification of terrestrial ecosystems:
Impact of agriculture on natural ecosystems
Managing forest ecosystems:
Economic and energy cost of utilizing forest ecosystems
Environmental costs of utilizing forest ecosystems
Environmental implication of various harvesting methods
Plantation forestry
Environmental Close-Up: Northern Spotted Owl:
Special concerns about tropical deforestation
Managing rangelands ecosystems:
Environmental costs of utilizing rangelands
Areas with minimal human impact-wilderness and remote areas
Managing aquatic ecosystems:
Environmental cost associated with utilizing marine ecosystems
Global Perspective: History of the Bison:
Environmental costs associated with utilizing freshwater ecosystems
Aquaculture
Environmental Close-Up: Farming, fish kills, and Pfiesteria piscicida
Managing ecosystems for wildlife:
Habitat analysis and management
Population assessment and management
Environmental Close-Up: Native American Fishing rights:
Predator and competitor control
Special issue with migratory waterfowl management
Extinction and loss of biodiversity:
Human-accelerated extinction
Why worry about extinction?
What is being done to prevent extinction and protect biodiversity?
Environmental Close-Up: California condor
Issues-Analysis: Fire as a forest management tool
New For Chapter 12:
Rewritten section on plantation forestry
Clarified definitions of marine, brackish, and freshwater
Updated figure on forms of pollution
New figure on change in forest areas
New figure on trends in world fish production, including capture and aquaculture
Rewritten section on aquaculture
New material on the African Eurasian waterbird agreement
New coverage on the role of keystone species and how their elimination alters ecosystems
Updated references to President Bush's administrative policy
Land-Use Planning:
Need for planning
Historical forces that shaped land use in North America:
Importance of waterways
Rural-to-urban shift
Global Perspective: Urbanization in the developing world
Migration from the central city to the suburbs
Factors that contribute to sprawl:
Lifestyle factors
Economic factors
Planning and policy factors
Problems associated with unplanned urban growth:
Transportation problems
Air pollution
Low energy efficiency
Loss of sense of community
Death of the central city
Higher infrastructure costs
Loss of open space
Loss of farmland
Water pollution problems
Floodplain problems
Wetlands misuse
Environmental Close-Up: Wetlands loss in Louisiana:
Other land-use considerations
Land-use planning principles
Environmental Close-Up: Computer tools aid decision making-growing smarter to protect habitats
Mechanisms for implementing land-use plans
Establishing state or regional planning agencies
Purchasing land or use rights
Regulating use
Special urban planning issues:
Urban transportation planning
Environmental Close-Up: Land-use planning and aesthetic pollution:
Urban recreation planning
Redevelopment of inner-city areas
Smart growth
Federal government land-use issues
Issues-Analysis: Decision making in land-use planning-the malling of America
New For Chapter 13:
New section on smart growth
New table on state comprehensive growth legislation. Soil And Its Uses:
Geologic processes
Soil and land
Soil formation
Soil properties
Soil profile
Soil erosion
Soil conservation practices:
Contour farming
Strip farming
Terracing
Waterways
Windbreaks
Conventional versus conservation tillage
Environmental Close-Up: Land capability classes
Global Perspective: Worldwide soil degradation
Protecting soil on nonfarm land
Issues-Analysis: Soil erosion in Virginia
New For Chapter 14:
Table 14-1, Percentage of land suitable for agriculture, has been updated
Information on land degradation has been expanded
Agricultural Methods And Pest Management:
Different approaches to agriculture
Fossil fuel versus muscle power
Impact of fertilizer
Agricultural chemical use
Environmental Close-Up: DDT-A historical perspective:
Insecticides
Herbicides
Fungicides and rodenticides
Environmental Close-Up: New generation of insecticides:
Other agricultural chemicals
Problems with pesticide use:
Persistence
Bioaccumulation and biomagnification
Pesticide resistance
Effects on nontarget organisms
Global Perspective: China's ravenous appetite
Global Perspective: Contaminated soils in the former Soviet Union:
Human health concerns
Why are pesticides so widely used?
Alternatives to conventional agriculture
Environmental Close-Up: Industrial production of livestock
Environmental Close-Up: Food additives:
Techniques for protecting soil and water resources
Integrated pest management
Issues-Analysis: Herring Gulls as indicators of contamination in the Great Lakes
New For Chapter 15:
New environmental close-up reading on industrial livestock production
Reorganization of section on integrated pest management
Updated information on genetically modified organisms
Water Management:
Water issue
Hydrologic cycle
Human influences on the hydrologic cycle
Kinds of water use:
Domestic use of water
Agricultural use of water
Industrial use of water
In-stream use of water
Global Perspective: Comparing water use and pollution in industrialized and developing countries
Kinds and sources of water pollution
Environmental Close-Up: Is it safe to drink the water?:
Municipal water pollution
Global Perspective: Cleanup of the Holy Ganges:
Agricultural water pollution
Industrial water pollution
Thermal pollution
Marine oil pollution
Groundwater pollution
Water-use planning issues:
Water diversion
Wastewater treatment
Environmental Close-Up: Restoring the Everglades:
Salinization
Groundwater mining
Preserving scenic water areas and wildlife habitats
Global Perspective: Death of a sea
Global perspective: Death zone of the Gulf of Mexico
Issues-Analysis: California water plan
New For Chapter 16:
New Global perspective reading on the dead zone of the Gulf of Mexico
Expanded coverage on global water issues
More information on water treatment in the Salina Valley, California
Expanded material on chemicals entering drinking water sources
More discussion of the New York City water supply
Additional text on water diversion and extractions
Expanded material on wetlands
New table on the population of the world's ten largest watersheds
New table on international water disputes
New coverage of the national research council's report on envisioning the agenda for water resource research in the 21st century
Part 5:
Pollution And Policy Environmental Policy: Pragmatic Or Polluted?
Air Quality Issues:
Atmosphere
Categories of air pollutants:
Carbon monoxide
Volatile organic compounds
Particulate matter
Global Perspective: Air pollution in Mexico City:
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Lead
Ground-level ozone and photochemical smog
Hazardous air pollutants
Control of air pollution:
Control of motor vehicle emissions
Control of particulate matter emissions
Control of power plant emissions
Clean Air Act
Acid deposition
Ozone depletion
Environmental Close-Up: Secondhand smoke
Global warming and climate change:
Causes of global warming and climate change
Potential consequences of global warming and climate change
Addressing climate change
Global Perspective: Kyoto protocol on Greenhouse Gases
Indoor air pollution
Environmental Close-up: Radon
Environmental Close-Up: Noise pollution
Issues-Analysis: International air pollution
New For Chapter 17:
Fully reorganized chapter
Text now includes material on the six criteria air pollutants
Two new figures on photochemical smog
New figure on thermal inversion
New data on emissions and air quality
New data on average global temperature
New table on categories of air pollutants
Sold Waste Management And Disposal:
Introduction to waste management
Nature of the problem:
Disposable decades
Current trends
Methods of waste disposal:
Landfills
Incineration
Environmental Close-Up: Resins used in consumer packaging:
Composting
Source reduction
Environmental Close-Up: What you can do to reduce waste and save money:
Recycling
Environmental Close-Up: Recycling is big business
Environmental Close-Up: Recyclables market basket
Issue-Analysis: Corporate response to environmental concerns
New For Chapter 18:
New material on mining, manufacturing, and agricultural solid waste
Updated information about fresh kills landfill
Revised material on kinds of composting
Regulating Hazardous Materials:
Hazardous and toxic materials in our environment
Hazardous and toxic substances-some definitions
Defining hazardous waste
Issues involved in setting regulations
Environmental Close-Up: Determining toxicity:
Identification of hazardous and toxic materials
Setting exposure limits
Acute and chronic toxicity
Synergism
Persistent and nonpersistent pollutants
Global Perspective: Lead and mercury poisoning:
Environmental problems caused by hazardous wastes
Health risks associated with hazardous wastes
Hazardous-waste dumps-a legacy of abuse
Environmental Close-Up: Computer-a hazardous waste:
Toxic chemical release
Hazardous-waste management choices:
Reducing the amount of waste at the source
Recycling of wastes
Treatment of wastes
Disposal methods
International trade in hazardous wastes
Global Perspective: Hazardous wastes and toxic materials in China
Hazardous-waste management program
Issues-Analysis: Love Canal
New For Chapter 19:
New information on the different agencies that set regulations
Additional coverage on the success of superfund
Update tables on hazardous substances and wastes
New figure on toxic releases
New figure on pollution-prevention hierarchy
Environmental Policy And Decision Making:
New challenges for a new century
Learning from the past
Thinking about the future
Defining the future
Development of environmental policy in the United States:
Environmental backlash-the wise use movement
Changing nature of environmental policy
Environmental Close-Up: Shaping US environmental policy as the new century begins
Environmental policy and regulation
Greening of geopolitics
Environmental Close-Up: Changing the nature of environmental regulation-the Safe Drinking Water Act
Terrorism and the environment
International environmental policy
Global Perspective: Earth summit on environment and development
Global Perspective: Overview of an international organization-the International Whaling Commission
Global Perspective: Eco-labels:
Environmental policy and the European Union
New International instruments
It all come back to you
New For Chapter 20:
New section on biological, chemical, and eco-terrorism
Updated table on US environmental and resource conservation legislation
New environmental close-up reading on United States environmental policy
Appendix 1: Critical thinking
Appendix 2: Periodic table of the elements
Glossary
Credits
Index

This full-color, introductory environmental science text is known for being concise, conceptual. The approach and reading level cover the basic concepts without overloading students with too much detail. With the central theme throughout the text being interrelatedness, the authors identify major issues and give appropriate examples that illustrate the complex interactions that are characteristic of all environmental issues