Nuclear radiation detection, measurements and analysis

Includes Index

Inelastic Scattering 54Nuclear Reactions 54Nuclear Reaction Kinematics and Q-value Equation 54Nuclear Reactions in which Gamma Rays are Emitted 56 (Radiative Capture)Nuclear Reactions in which Charged Particles are Emitted 57Fission Reaction in which the Target Nucleus Breaks 58 into Two Nearly Equal FragmentsNeutron Slowing Down (Moderation) 594.5 Cross Sections for Neutron Induced Reactions 61CHAPTER 5 GAS DETECTORSIntroductionDetector GasesGas Detector CharacteristicsDifferent Types of Gas DetectorsIonization ChamberProportional CountersMulti Wire Proportional Counters (MWPC)Avalanche Counters5.4.4.1 Parallel Plate Avalanche Counters (PPAC)G.M. CountersNeutron Counters (BF3 Counter)64 64 65 67 69 69 71 75 75 76 77 81CHAPTER 6 SCINTILLATION DETECTORS 83Introduction 83Action of a Scintillator 85Desirable Characteristics of a Scintillator Material 88Light Collection 89Light Pipes and Guides 89Photomultiplier Tubes 90Structure and Working 90PMT Output 94Gamma Spectroscopy using Scintillation Detectors (Nal(Tl)) 94Calibration of a Gamma Ray Spectrometer 98Resolution of Scintillation Detectors 996.10 Detection Efficiency of Scintillation Detectors 100CHAPTER 7 SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS 103Introduction 103Interaction of Radiations with Semiconducting Materials 106Requirements for a Semiconductor Detector 109Pulse Formation and Shape 109Surface Barrier Detectors 111Entrance Window or Dead Layer 112Pulse Height Defect 112Lithium Drifted Semiconductor Detectors 113High-Purity Germanium Detectors (HPGe) 1157.10 Compound Semiconductor Detectors 117CHAPTER 8 NEUTRON DETECTORS 119Introduction 119Slow Neutron Detectors 119BF3 Proportional Counter 119Boron Loaded Scintillators 120Slow Neutron Detectors with Lithium 1203He Proportional Counter 120Fission Counters 121Sandwich Detectors 1228.3 Fast Neutron Detectors 122Recoil Proton Detectors 122Neutron Counters using Moderation 123Long Counter 1234;t Detector 124CHAPTER 9 ELECTRONICS AND TECHNIQUES FOR DATA ACQUISITION 126AND ANALYSISIntroduction 126Electronics for Energy Spectroscopy 127Detector Bias Supply 127Preamplifiers 128Amplifiers 131RC Pulse Shaping 131Gaussian Pulse Shaping 132Delay Line Pulse Shaping 132Bipolar Pulse Shaping 132Pole Zero Cancellation and Base Line Restorer 133Biased Amplifiers 134Pulse Amplitude (Height) Discriminators 136Single Channel Analyzer 136Scalers, Counters and Timers 139Multichannel Pulse Height Analysis 140xii 9.3 Electronics for Timing with Detectors 1489.3.1 Time Pick off Units 148Leading Edge Timing 149Zero Cross Over Timing 150Constant Fraction Timing 151Timing Filter Amplifier (TFA) 152Timing Single Channel Analyzer (TSCA) 152Gate and Delay Generators (GDG) 152Coincidence Units 153Electronics for Position Determination 153Instrumentation Standards for Nuclear Instruments 153NIM Standard 154CAMAC Standard 1559.6 Accessories for Nuclear Electronic Instruments 159Cables 159Connectors 162CHAPTER 10 COINCIDENCE TECHNIQUES 164Introduction 164Practical Coincidence Circuits 168Bothe Type Coincidence Circuit 168Rossi Type Coincidence Circuit 168Anti Coincidence Unit 169Applications of Coincidence Circuits 169Slow-Fast Coincidence Set up 170Sum Coincidence Unit 171Anti Compton Gamma Ray Spectroscopy 173Time to Pulse Height Converters (TPHC) or Time to 174 Amplitude Converters (TAC)Time Delays 177Coincidence Technique for Absolute Activity Measurement 178Coincidence Measurement of Range and End Point Energyof Beta Particles from a 60Co Source 179Angular Correlation of Gamma Rays 180Determination of Half Lives of Nuclei 181CHAPTER 11 SOLID STATE NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTORS 183Introduction 183Basic Principle of SSNTDs 183Latent Track Formation --
Models 185Primary Ionization Model or Ion Explosion Spike Model 185Restricted Energy Loss Model (REL) 187Radius Restricted Energy Loss Model 188Linear Event Density (LED) Model 188Criteria for Latent Track Formation 188Track Revelation Techniques 18911.5.1 Chemical Etching 189Set up for Chemical Etching 191Track Formation Scheme 191Electrochemical Etching 194Method of Measuring Various Track Parameters 19511.5.3.1 Measurement of Bulk Etch Rate VG 195A. Thickness Change Method 196B. Track Diameter Method 196C. Mass Change Method (Gravimetric Method) 196Measurement of Track Etch Rate 196Measurement of Residual Range 197Determination of Specific Energy Loss dE/dx 19711.5.4 Measurements of Activation Energies 197Activation Energy for Bulk Etching 197Activation Energy for Track Etching 19711.6 Application of SSNTDs 197Nuclear Physics 198Track Method in Nuclear Reaction Studies 198Cosmic Ray Physics 199Dosimetry 200Radiography 200Nuclear Track Micro Filters 200Earth Sciences 201CHAPTER 12 SPECIAL DETECTOR CONFIGURATIONS 202Introduction 202Stop and Transmission Detectors 202AE Detectors 202E-AE Detectors 20412.3 Position Sensitive Detectors 206Position Sensitive Gas Detectors 206Position Sensitive Surface Barrier Detectors 208Two Dimensional Position Sensitive Detectors 210Bragg Curve Detectors 212MicroChannel Plates (MCP) 215Compton Suppressed Gamma Detectors 215Gamma Detector Arrays 218 12.7.1 Examples Gamma Detector Arrays 221Gamma Detector Array (GDA) at Inter 221 University Accelerator Centre, New DelhiIndian National Gamma Array (INGA) 221GASP Array at LNL, Legnaro, Italy 222EXOGAM Detectors, GANIL 222GAMMASPHERE 223EUROBALL 223JUROSPHERE Ge Detector Array 224Gamma Ray Multiplicity Filters 224Charged Particle Arrays 226Microball 227CHICO 227Charged Particle Detector Array (CPDA) 228Meghnad at TIFR 228Neutron Detector Arrays 229Cerenkov Detectors 230Cloud Chambers, Bubble Chambers and Spark Chambers 232Cloud Chambers 232Bubble Chambers 234Spark Chambers 23512.13 Detectors for Radiation Dosimetry 236Thermoluminiscent Detectors 236Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDs) 23612.14 Particle Identification using Detectors 236CHAPTER 13 SPECIAL TECHNIQUES 239Introduction 239Time of Flight Technique (TOF) 239Pulse Shape Discrimination 241Recoil Distance Measurement 242CHAPTER 14 TECHNIQUES FOR DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 244Introduction 244Data Acquisition Systems (DAS) 244Data Analysis 251Spectrum Fitting and Unfolding 255BIBLIOGRAPHY 259Review Questions and Problems 261Review Questions 261Problems 273Appendix A --
DECAY SCHEMES OF SOME COMMON GAMMA SOURCES 277Appendix B --
LIST OF GLOBAL SUPPLIERS OF RADIOACTIVE 281SOURCES, RADIATION DETECTORS AND NUCLEAR ELECTRONICINSTRUMENTATIONIndex 290.

Covers various aspects of interactions of nuclear radiations like gamma and X-rays, charged particles like electrons, protons, alpha particles and other heavy ions and neutrons. In this book, the types of detectors for these radiations are described with reference to the principle of operation, structure, working, key features and more